CELTIC
CORNER
The
Fenian Movement
My dad. Frank Darcy Sr, will be honored by the Fenian
Grave Society on October 26. Dad was recognized as a champion amongst Fenians
fighting for the Freedom of Ireland. I
am very proud of dad and when I refer to him as a Fenian Man, people would ask
what is a Fenian, so here is the Fenian story.
The Fenians were members of the so-called Fenian movement in Ireland and elsewhere, though
primarily America and England. The Fenians wanted one simple desire for Ireland - independence from British
rule. The Great Famine had a massive
impact on Ireland. Some in Ireland believed that the government in London - to
solve the 'Irish Problem' - had deliberately done as little as possible to aid
the people of Ireland – a form of genocide – and these people concluded that
the only hope Ireland had for its future was a complete separation from Great
Britain. If London was unwilling to grant this, then the Fenians would fight
for it.
Anger against the British government spilled over in 1848. In this year a
group of revolutionaries known as Young Ireland launched an ill-prepared
uprising against the government. It was a failure.
Two of the members of Young Ireland were James Stephens and John O'Mahony.
In the eyes of the authorities both had committed a very serious crime. To
escape punishment both fled to Paris. Though near to Britain, both men were
relatively safe in Paris. In 1853, O'Mahony went to America. Here he tried to
gain support for another uprising from those who had left Ireland during the Great Famine.
Stephens returned to Ireland in 1856. In Dublin in March 1858, he formed a
secret society that became known as the Irish Republican Brotherhood. Its aim
was Independence for Ireland.
In America O'Mahony became the leader of a new organization called the
Fenian Brotherhood. It took its name from the Fianna who were a band of Irish
warriors of the 2nd and 3rd centuries. The name ‘Fenians’ became an umbrella
term to cover all the groups associated with wanting independence for Ireland.
By the very nature of what they wanted, those elements within the Fenian
movement who were prepared to use violence to advance their cause, had to
remain secret.
The Fenian movement quickly attracted thousands of young supporters both in
Ireland itself and America. When one of the 1848 Young Ireland rebels, Terence
Bellew McManus, died in America in 1861, his funeral in Ireland was attended by
thousands of people.
However, as the Fenian movement grew, so did the difficulties of keeping it
organized. This had proved difficult because of the Irish-American geographic
split and the problems of communications. But the two founders – O’Mahony and
Stephens – disagreed on how the movement should develop. In 1863, Stephens
founded a newspaper called the ‘Irish People’. He wanted to make as many people
as was possible aware of what the Fenians stood for. O’Mahony did not approve
of this move as he felt such a paper would attract even more attention to the
movement from the British government based in Dublin. He preferred the movement
to develop in secrecy.
Another problem faced by the Fenians was that the Roman Catholic Church was
generally not supportive of them. The power of the local priests was great and
their influence within a local community, and especially among the older
members of such communities, meant that they could undermine whatever influence
the Fenians tried to establish.
The Fenians always faced the possibility of being infiltrated by British
spies. An uprising in Ireland had been planned for 1866 but it never took place
because the government knew about it. In September 1866, the ‘Irish People’ was
shut down by the government and Stephens was arrested and sent to prison. He
escaped from jail and went to America. Anyone suspected of being involved with
the Fenians was arrested. Money sent from America for the Fenians was seized.
The government also believed that some units of the British Army based in Ireland
were sympathetic to the Fenians. These units were moved out of Ireland.
There was an attempted uprising in 1867, though it was a failure. The
‘uprising’ was led by Thomas Kelly who had fought in the American Civil War.
Kelly did not base himself in Ireland but in London. Here he gained support
from the large Irish community that had come to the city during the Great Famine.
Kelly and other Fenians attempted to attack Chester Castle to gain weapons
and ammunition. This was not a success and Kelly and another Fenian were
arrested. In September 1867, Kelly was being taken to Manchester to be tried
when he was rescued by other Fenians. During the rescue, a policeman was
killed. Three of the Fenians were caught and after a trial were hanged for
murder. To the Fenians, they became known as the "Manchester
Martyrs". To many in Ireland, the sentence was considered far too harsh
for what they saw as an accidental killing. Of course the Fenians continued
their philosophy of a Free & United Ireland into the present day politics
and of course supports the peace process. And dad always quoted Padric Pearse:
“Ireland
unfree shall never be at peace”
Thank you for showing your interest in the Fenian
movement.
Frank Darcy
